作者简介：

Paul Root Wolpe

埃默里大学的生物论学中心主任，美国国家航天局的首席生物伦理学家。还是美国日报生物伦理杂志的编辑，是美国国家计划生育联合会的首席生物伦理顾问。他在宾夕法尼亚大学的精神病学，社会学，医药伦理学部门工作了有20多年，08年夏天才来到埃默里大学。是宾大生物伦理中心的高级成员，指导了Scattergood 的健康行为应用伦理学计划和宾大医学院的精神病伦理学。著作方面，Wople教授在社会学，医学，生物伦理学方面的文章，评论，书本章节有超过125部，而且他还对百科全书中的生物伦理学问题有突出的贡献。

他的书籍：

Sexualityand Gender in Society

AComparison of Ethics with ART in theU.S.and Abroad

EmbryoDonation and Embryo Adoption

Today I want to talk about design, but not design as we usually think about it. I want to talk about what is happening now in our scientific, biotechnological culture, where, for really the first time in history, we have the power to design bodies, to design animal bodies, to design human bodies. In the history of our planet, there have been three great waves of evolution.

今天我们要来谈谈改造,但是不是那种我们平时谈的那种改造。我想探讨的是那些现在正在发生在我们科学界，生物科技领域的事，这里，是历史上真正的第一次，我们有能力来改造生物体，改造动物体，改造人体。在我们地球的历史上，已经经历了三次大规模的进化潮。

The first wave of evolution is what we think of as Darwinian evolution. So, as you all know, species lived in particular ecological niches and particular environments, and the pressures of those environments selected which changes, through random mutation in species, were going to be preserved. Then human beings stepped out of the Darwinian flow of evolutionary history and created the second great wave of evolution, which was we changed the environment in which we evolved. We altered ourecological niche by creating civilization. And that has been the second great -- couple 100,000 years, 150,000 years -- flow of our evolution. By changing our environment, we put new pressures on our bodies to evolve. Whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities, all the way through modern medicine, we have changed our own evolution. Now we're entering a third great wave of evolutionary history, which has been called many things: "intentional evolution,""evolution by design" --very different than intelligent design --where by we are actually now intentionally designing and altering the physiological forms thatinhabit our planet.

第一次大规模的进化潮是我们熟知的达尔文式进化。那是，就如你们所知的，生物生活在特殊的生物环境和特殊的生态环境下，这些环境的生存压力挑选出那些改变了的，通过随机变异的生物体，来进一步生存。接着人类跳出了达尔文式进化历史的潮流并创造出第二个大规模的进化潮，就是我们改变那些让我们进化的环境。我们通过创造文明从而改变了我们的生物环境。这就是第二个大规模的--好几万年前的，15万年前--进化潮流。通过改变我们的环境，我们找寻到新的压力来促使我们进化。无论是通过经历农业社会，一直经历到现代医学社会，我们已经改变了我们的演变历程。现在我们正步入进化史上第三次大规模进化潮，这次进化有很多别称：意识性进化，改造性进化--和智能改造很不同--借此，我们实际现在正在有意识的改造和改变栖息在我们地球的生物的生物形态。

So I want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that and then at the end talk a little bit about what some of the implications are for us and for our species, as well as our cultures, because of this change. Now we actually have been doing it for a long time. We started selectively breeding animals many, many thousands of years ago. And if you think of dogs for example, dogs are now intentionally-designed creatures. There isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature. Dogs are the result of selectively breeding traits that we like. But we had to do it the hard way in the old days by choosing off spring that looked a particular way and then breeding them. We don't have to do it that way anymore.

所以我想带大家经历一场进化的暴风之旅并接着在最后讨论一些对于我们，对于我们种族， 同时也对于我们的文明会有什么样的影响，从这次转变。现在我们实际上已经转变了很久了。我们在数千年之前就开始有选择的喂养动物。如果你以狗作为例子来思考，狗是有意识的被改造的生物。在生态环境下地球上没有狗。狗是我们根据我们喜好而选择性喂养的产物。但是我们在过去不得不用一种艰苦的方式来选择那些有着特定特征的后代来喂养它们。我们再也不必这样做了。

This is a beefalo. A beefalo is a buffalo-cattle hybrid. And they are now making them, and someday, perhaps pretty soon, you will have beefalo patties in your local supermarket. This is a geep, agoat-sheep hybrid. The scientists that made this cute little creature ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards. I think they said it tasted like chicken. This is a cama. A cama is a camel-llama hybrid, created to try to get the hardiness of a camel with some of the personality traits of a llama.And they are now using these in certain cultures. Then there's the liger. This is the largest cat in the world -- the lion-tiger hybrid. It's bigger than a tiger.And in the case of the liger, there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild. But these were created by scientists using both selective breeding and genetic technology. And then finally, everybody's favorite, the zorse. None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.And so one of the things we've been doing is using genetic enhancement, orgenetic manipulation, of normal selective breeding pushed a little bit through genetics. And if that were all this was about, then it would be an interesting thing. But something much, much more powerful is happening now.

这是个皮弗娄牛。皮弗娄牛是水牛和肉牛的杂交种。他们现在正在研究它们，到了某天，也许会很快，你会在你当地的超市里吃到皮弗娄牛肉饼。这是头山绵羊，山羊，绵羊的杂交种。创造出这可爱小东西的科学家们最后把它屠宰了随后吃了它。我记得他们说它尝起来像鸡肉。这是匹卡马驼。卡马驼是骆驼，美洲驼的杂交种，为了尝试使之有骆驼的耐劳力和美洲驼的一部分性格特点而创造。它们现已在某些环境下得到利用。这是狮虎兽，世界上最大的猫科动物--狮子，老虎的杂交种。它的体型比老虎的大。这类狮虎兽的案例，实际上在野生环境下已经被观察到一两次了。但是这些科学家创造的那些生物使用了选择性喂养和基因技术。接着最后，大家的最爱，卓斯马，没有一个是被修改过的；它们是真实的生物。我们已经掌握的其中一种技术是使用基因改良，或者基因操控，加以常规的选择性喂养来推进基因的改良。如果这就是所有的全部，那它是一件有趣的事。但是一些更加有影响力的事正在发生。

These are normal mammalian cells genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene taken out of deep-sea jellyfish.We all know that some deep-sea creatures glow. Well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene, and put it into mammal cells. These are normal cells. And what you see here is these cells glowing in the dark under certain wavelengths of light.Once they could do that with cells, they could do it with organisms. So they did it with mouse pups, kittens. And by the way, the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green is because that's a bioluminescent gene from coral, while this is from jellyfish. They did it with pigs. They did it with puppies. And, in fact, they did it with monkeys. And if you can do it with monkeys -- though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate is actually between monkeys and apes -- if they can do it in monkeys, they can probably figure out how to do it in apes, which means they can do it in human beings. In other words, it is the oretically possible that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable of creating human beings that glow in the dark. Be easier to find us at night.

正常的哺乳类动物细胞和从深海水母上提取出的荧光基因，基因程度上融合。我们都知道一些深海动物发光。嗯，他们现在已经提取出这基因，这生物发光的基因，并把它融入哺乳动物细胞。这是正常的细胞。这里你看到的是在黑暗中发出特定波长的光的细胞。一旦他们能在细胞上应用，他们也能用在生物体上。于是他们把它用在幼鼠上，小猫上。顺道提一下，小猫呈现橙色，小鼠呈现绿色是因为一个发光基因来自珊瑚，另外一个来自水母。他们把它用在猪上。他们把它用在小狗上，并且，实际上，他们把它用在了猴子上。如果你能把它作用在猴子上--虽然从猴子到猿事实上对于基因操作是巨大的跃进--如果他们能把它作用在猴子上，他们就可能想出如果作用在猿上，这就意味着他们能让它作用在人类上。换句话说，理论上这是可能的在很久以后我们生物技术上能够创造出能在黑夜发光的人类。在夜晚就更容易发现我们。

And in fact, right now in many states, you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets. These are zebra fish. They're normally black and silver. These are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered to be yellow, green, red, and they are actually available now in certain states. Other states have banned them. Nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures. There is no area of the government -- not the EPA or the FDA -- that controls genetically-engineered pets. And so some states have decided to allow them,some states have decided to ban them.

实际上，现在很多州内，你能出去买到生物荧光的宠物。这些是斑马鱼。正常的它们是黑色和银色的。这些斑马鱼已经被基因重组成黄色，绿色，红色，它们实际上，如今在一些州已经能买到。另外一些州则被禁止。没人知道对这种生物荧光怎么做。政府间没有相关部门--这不归环境保护局或者食品药物监管局管--来控制基因改造过的宠物。所以一些州决定允许它们，一些州则决定禁止它们。

Some of you may have read about the FDA's consideration right now of genetically-engineered salmon.The salmon on top is agenetically engineered Chinooksalmon, using a gene from these salmon and from one other fish that weeat, to make it grow much faster using a lot less feed. And right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision on whether, pretty soon, you could be eating this fish -- it'll be sold in the stores. And before you get too worried aboutit, here in theUnited States, the majority of food you buy in the supermarket already has genetically-modified components to it. So even as we worry about it, we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much differentin Europe -- without any regulation, and even without any identification on the package.

你们中的一些如今可能了解食品药物监管局对于基因改造的鲑鱼的焦虑。上面的鲑鱼是被基因改造的且努克鲑鱼，利用了这种鲑鱼和另外一种我们食用的鱼的基因来让它长的更快，吃的更少。如今食物药品监管局正试着作出最后的决定关于你是否可以食用这种鱼--（一旦通过）这种鱼就会被出售。在你太担心它之前，在美国，你超市里买到的大多数食物在包装上已经有基因改造标示。所以即使你担心它，我们已经允许它进入这个国家--不同于欧盟-- 毫无任何条例，甚至包装上没有任何表明。

These are all the first cloned animals of their type. So in the lower right here, you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep -- now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh; Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat; CC the cat, for cloned cat; Snuppy, the first cloned dog -- Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy --created in South Korea by the very same man that some of you may remember had to end up resigning in disgrace because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo,which he had not. He actually was the first person to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do, because dog genomes are very plastic. This is Prometea, the first cloned horse. It's a Haflinger horse cloned inItaly, a real"gold ring" of cloning, because there are many horses that win important races who are geldings.In other words, the equipment to put them out to stud has been removed. But if you can clone that horse, you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race and his identical genetic duplicate can then be put out to stud. These were the first cloned calves, the first cloned grey wolves, and then, finally, the first cloned piglets: Alexis, Chista, Carrel, Janie and Dotcom.

这些全是第一批它们种群的克隆动物。在右下方，是多利，第一头克隆羊--如今在爱丁堡某个博物馆幸福的成为了标本；拉尔夫鼠，第一只克隆鼠；赛赛猫，克隆猫；史努比，第一只克隆狗，首尔国立大学小狗史努比--生育于韩国。也许你们还记得的南韩造假丑闻的同一个研究员，他最后不得不羞辱的辞职，因为他声称他已经克隆出人类细胞，其实他没有。他实际上是第一个克隆狗的人，其实这是个很艰苦的工作，因为狗的基因排列的可塑性是很强的。这是普罗提耶，第一匹马。它是在意大利的哈弗灵克隆马，克隆界的一个金戒指，因为很多赢得重要比赛的马是被阉割的。换句话说，让他们成为种马的器官已经被移除了。但是如果你能克隆这些马，你能同时拥有阉割马在比赛上的优势和它独特的基因组来让它繁衍下一代。这些是第一批克隆的小牛，第一批克隆的灰狼。接着，最终，第一批克隆的小猪：亚历克西斯，克里斯蒂娜，卡雷尔，贾妮和道蒂肯。

In addition, we've started to use cloning technologyto try to save endangered species. This is the use of animals now to created rugs and other things in their bodies that we want to create. So with antithrombin in that goat-- that goat has been genetically modified so that the molecules of its milk actually include the molecule of antithrombin that GTC Genetics wants to create. And then in addition, transgenic pigs,knock out pigs, from the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea,are pigs that they are going to use, in fact, to try to create all kinds of drugs and other industrial types of chemicals that they want the blood and the milk of these animals to produce for them, instead of producing them in an industrial way.

另外，我们开始利用克隆技术来试着拯救濒危物种。现在也有作用于动物使其能从体内制造药物和其他我们想要的东西。这山羊体内有抗凝血酶--这山羊已经被基因改造过了，所以它的羊奶分子实际上包含了GTC基因创造的抗凝血酶分子。接着，转基因的猪，改造过的猪，来自于韩国的生物科学研究所，实际上，他们用这些猪来试着制造所有的药物或其他工业化学物质。他们想要这些动物的血和奶来制造这些物质，而不是用工业制造的方式。

These are two creatures that were created in order to save endangered species. The guar is an endangered Southeast Asian ungulate. A somatic cell, a bodycell, was taken from its body, gestated in the ovum of a cow, and then that cow gave birth to aguar. Same thing happened with the mouflon,where it's an endangered species of sheep. It was gestated in a regular sheep body, which actually raises an interesting biological problem. We have two kinds of DNA in our bodies. We have our nucleic DNA that everybody thinks of as our DNA, but we also have DNA in our mitochondria,which are the energy packets of the cell. That DNA is passed down through our mothers. So really, what you end up having here is not a guar and not a mouflon, but a guar with cow mitochondria, and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA, and a mouflon with another species of sheep's mitochondrial DNA. These are really hybrids, not pure animals. And it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species in the age of biotechnology -- a question that we're not really sureyet how to solve.

这两种生物是为了拯救濒危生物而被创造的。瓜尔牛是东南亚濒危蹄类动物。一个肉细胞，身体细胞，从它身上提取出来，在一头牛的子宫中怀孕，接着让牛生下这头瓜尔牛。同样的事也发生在这摩弗伦羊上，它是一种濒危的羊类动物。它在一头普通羊体内受孕，这实际上产生了一个有趣的生物学问题。我们体内有两种DNA。我们有我们细胞核内的DNA 就是每个人都知道的DNA，但是我们也有DNA在我们线粒体内，它是细胞的能量源。这种DNA是从母系上得到传承。所以实际上，我们最终有的不是一头瓜尔牛也不是头摩弗伦羊，而是一头瓜尔牛有着奶牛的线粒体，因此有奶牛的线粒体DNA，和一头摩弗伦羊有着另外一种羊的线粒体DNA。它们实际上是杂交种，而不是纯种。这产生了个我们如果定义生物种类的问题：在这生物技术的时代--一个我们还不确定如何解决的问题。

This lovely creature is an Asian cockroach. And what they've done here is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain and then a transmitter on top, and it's on a big computer tracking ball. And now, using a joystick, they can send this creature around the lab and control whether it goes left or right, forwards or backwards. They've created a kind of insect bot,or bug bot. It gets worse than that -- or perhaps better than that. This actually is one of DARPA's very important -- DARPA is the Defense Research Agency -- one of their projects. These goliath beetles are wired in their wings. They have a computer chip strapped to their backs, and they can fly these creatures around the lab. They can make them go left, right. They can make them take off. They can't actually make them land. They put them about one inch above the ground, and then they shut everything off and they go pfft. But it's the closest they can get to a landing.

这些可爱的生物是亚洲蟑螂。他们做的是把电极放进它的神经中枢和大脑，并在头部放置一个发射器，它正在一个电脑追踪球上。现在，使用操纵杆，他们能把这个生物送到实验室四周并控制他们向左或向右，向前或者向后。他们已经制造出一种昆虫机器，或者叫虫器。它可能比这个差一点--或者可能比这个好一点。这是事实是DARPA的一个很重要的--DARPA就是防御远景研究规划局--项目。这些歌利亚甲虫在翅膀上有天线。它们的背上捆绑这一个电脑芯片，他们就能在实验室周围飞行这种生物。他们能让它向左，向右。他们能让它停下来。实际上他们还不能让它们着陆。他们把它们降落到地面上一英尺高，接着他们就关闭所有设备后它们就砰然落下。但是这是他们能降落的最近高度。

原文出自：Ted Talk

原文链接：http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNDIyOTU5MjU2.html

文中生词

Ecological niche：[动]生态位；小生境；生态龛位 (ecology)the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting itssurvival as a species)

Physiological：生理学Physiology is the scientific study of how people's andanimals' bodies function, and of how plants function.

Hybrid: （动物或植物的）杂（交）种，混（合）种A hybrid is an animal or plant that has been bred from twodifferent species of animal or plant.

Camel:骆驼A camel is a large animal that lives in deserts and is usedfor carrying goods and people. Camels have long necks and one or two lumps ontheir backs called humps

Llama:家羊驼；美洲驼 A llama is a South American animal with thick hair, which lookslike a small camel without a hump.

Liger: 狮虎兽offspring of a male lion and a female tiger

Zorse:雄马和雌斑马的杂交种offspring of a male horse and a female zebra

Mammalian:哺乳类的；哺乳动物的In zoology, mammalian means relating to mammals.

Bioluminescent:生物（性）发光(of living organisms)emitting light

Jellyfish:水母；海蜇A jellyfish is a sea creature that has a clear soft body andcan sting you.

Wavelengths:波长 A wavelength is the distance between a part of a wave of energysuch as light or sound and the next similar part.

Zebra:斑马 A zebra is an African wild horse which has black and white stripes.

Salmon:鲑鱼;大麻哈鱼 A salmon isa large silver-coloured fish.

Chinook:切努克鱼pink or white flesh of large Pacific salmon

Cloned：克隆动物(或植物);无性繁殖动物(或植物) A clone is an animal or plantthat has been produced artificially, for example in a laboratory, from thecells of another animal or plant. A clone is exactly the same as the originalanimal or plant.

Embryo：胚胎 An embryo is an unborn animal or human being in the very earlystages of development.

Geldings：阉割的马；去势的马 A gelding is a male horse that has been castrated.

Stud：种马;种畜 Horses orother animals that are kept for stud are kept to be used for breeding.

Antithrombin：抗凝血酶Biochem a substance that counteracts the action of thrombin,preventing the formation of blood clots.

Molecules: 分子(chemistry ) the smallest unit, consisting of a group of atoms, intowhich a substance can be divided without a change in its chemical nature

Transgenic:转基因的Transgenic plants or animals contain genetic material that hasbeen added to them from another species.

Ungulate:蹄状的;有蹄类动物any of anumber of hoofed mammals superficially similar but not necessarily closelyrelated taxonomically

Somatic:肉体的，躯体的，身体的affecting or characteristic of the body as opposed to the mind orspirit

Gestate: 孕育(biology) or (medical) to carry a young human or animal insidethe womb until it is born

Mitochondria:<生>线粒体；线粒体Cell Biology, an organelle in thecytoplasm of cells that functions in energy production.

Mouflon:欧洲盘羊，摩弗伦羊（野羊，家养羊的祖先）a type of wild sheep from which domestic sheep were bred

Cockroach:[昆]蟑螂a largebrown insect with wings, that lives in houses, especially where there is dirt

Electrodes:电极either of two points (or terminals ) by which an electric current enters or leaves a battery orother electrical device

Ganglia:神经中枢 (Anatomy) a mass of nerve tissue existing outside the centralnervous system

Joystick:（计算机游戏的）控制杆，游戏杆 In some computer games, the joystick is the lever which the playeruses in order to control the direction of the things on the screen.

Bot:肤蝇的幼虫，马胃蝇蛆 the larva of a botfly

Pfft:（表示突然中止或终于失败）啐 (interjection) used to express or indicate a dying or fizzling out

【智梦简介】

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我们的使命：

“智梦教育团队深知留学申请关系到学生及其家长的前途和未来，我们将竭尽所能帮助每一位智梦学员发掘其潜在的特质，以开放透明的申请方式，让他们能不留遗憾的争取到自己的理想学校。与此同时，培养他们成为诚实守信、独立思考、德才兼备的国际化人才。”

我们的愿景：

“智梦教育将成为一所发掘学术兴趣，培养学术能力，塑造具有公民意识的新时代留学生的学校。”